What are Equipotential Surfaces?

Equipotential Surfaces (from NCERT Physics Class 12, Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance):

Definition:
Equipotential surfaces are surfaces on which the electric potential is the same at every point.

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Key Features:

1. No Work Done:
   No work is done by the electric field when a charge moves along an equipotential surface.

2. Perpendicular to Electric Field:
   Electric field lines are always perpendicular to equipotential surfaces.

3. Closer Surfaces → Stronger Field:
   Where equipotential surfaces are closer together, the electric field is stronger.

4. Examples:

   • For a point charge: Equipotential surfaces are concentric spheres.
   • For a uniform field: Equipotential surfaces are parallel planes.

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